Heap leaching is a process where crushed ore is stacked on a lined pad and irrigated with a chemical solution that dissolves valuable metals for recovery. The efficiency of the process depends heavily on how the solution flows through the ore, which is influenced by particle size, shape, porosity, fines content, wettability, and fluid viscosity. High porosity and the presence of fines increase liquid hold-up and residence time, while spherical particles can cause channeling, creating fast flow paths that reduce contact with the ore. More wettable particles help spread the solution evenly, and higher fluid viscosity slows flow, increasing retention time. For effective irrigation, drip systems are preferred because they provide precise, controlled delivery of solution, reducing evaporation and promoting uniform wetting. Emitter spacing and flow rates must be adjusted according to ore characteristics; beds with high porosity or mixed fines require closer spacing or lower flow rates to prevent preferential channels. Initial wetting should start at low flow to allow fines to settle and establish uniform capillary distribution, followed by steady operational flow. Agglomerating fines or using binders can help maintain predictable permeability and reduce uneven flow. Monitoring and controlling the process is essential. Moisture distribution, flow uniformity, and solution properties should be regularly measured. Filtration and anti-clogging measures prevent emitter blockages, and adjustments to pump pressure and flow can compensate for changes in fluid viscosity or composition. Optimized irrigation improves metal recovery, reduces reagent consumption, minimizes solution losses, and lowers environmental impact. Implementing pilot tests or lab-scale trials can help determine the best irrigation strategy for each heap, ensuring consistent and efficient leaching performance.