Introduction/Definition: In surface mining, particularly open-pit operations, benches are horizontal steps or layers created as the pit is deepened. They provide safe access to different pit levels, allow for controlled excavation, and help maintain slope stability. Each bench acts as both a working platform and a safety barrier. Benches are designed considering factors such as rock type, equipment size, and safety regulations. The height and width of each bench are critical in optimizing production efficiency while ensuring worker and equipment safety. The image below illustrates a typical open-pit mining bench layout. As the mine expands downward, successive benches are formed, creating a stair-like profile. The main features include: • Bench Face: The exposed vertical surface where drilling and blasting take place. • Bench Height: The vertical distance between successive working levels, determined by equipment reach and geotechnical conditions. • Bench Width: The horizontal distance from the bench crest to the bench toe, providing space for haul roads, equipment maneuvering, and safety berms. • Haul Roads: Inclined pathways connecting benches, enabling trucks to transport ore and waste material efficiently. • Catch Berms: Safety ledges between benches to catch falling rocks and protect workers and equipment on lower levels. GEOLOGICAL & OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE: Benches are fundamental to open-pit mine planning and safety. Proper bench design ensures stability, reduces the risk of slope failure, and allows efficient ore extraction. In addition, benches help in selective mining separating ore from waste with precision. Whether in gold, copper, or iron ore mining, well-engineered benches are the backbone of safe and productive surface mining operations.